Isendlalelo kanye Nesimo Esijwayelekile
Izakhi zomhlaba ezingavamileziyi-floorboard ye-IIB scandium, i-yttrium ne-lanthanum kuthebula le-periodic.Kukhona izakhi ze-l7.Umhlaba ongavamile unezinto ezibonakalayo namakhemikhali eziyingqayizivele futhi uye wasetshenziswa kakhulu embonini, ezolimo nakweminye imikhakha.Ukuhlanzeka kwezinhlanganisela zomhlaba ezingavamile kunquma ngokuqondile izici ezikhethekile zezinto zokwakha.Ukuhlanzeka okuhlukile kwezinto ezingavamile zomhlaba kungakhiqiza izinto ze-ceramic, izinto ze-fluorescent nezinto ze-elekthronikhi ezinezidingo zokusebenza ezahlukene.Njengamanje, ngokuthuthukiswa kobuchwepheshe bokumba umhlaba ongavamile, izinhlanganisela zomhlaba ezihlanzekile ezingavamile zinikeza ithemba elihle lemakethe, futhi ukulungiswa kwezinto ezisebenza kahle zomhlaba eziyivelakancane kubeka phambili izidingo eziphakeme zezingxube zomhlaba ezihlanzekile ezingavamile.I-Cerium compound inezinhlobonhlobo zokusetshenziswa, futhi umphumela wayo ezinhlelweni eziningi uhlobene nokuhlanzeka kwayo, izakhiwo zomzimba kanye nokuqukethwe kokungcola.Ekusabalaliseni izakhi zomhlaba ezingavamile, i-cerium yenza cishe u-50% wezinsiza zomhlaba ezingavamile.Ngokusetshenziswa okwandayo kokuhlanzeka okuphezulu kwe-cerium, isidingo senkomba yokuqukethwe komhlaba okungeyona eyivelakancane yezinhlanganisela ze-cerium iphezulu nangaphezulu.I-Cerium oxidei-ceric oxide, inombolo ye-CAS yi-1306-38-3, ifomula yamangqamuzana i-CeO2, isisindo samangqamuzana: 172.11;I-cerium oxide iyi-oxide ezinzile ye-cerium element yomhlaba engavamile.Iqinile ephuzi ngokuphaphathekile ezingeni lokushisa elilingana negumbi futhi iba mnyama uma ishiswa.I-Cerium oxide isetshenziswa kakhulu ezintweni ezikhanyayo, ama-catalyst, impushana yokupholisha, isivikelo se-UV nezinye izici ngenxa yokusebenza kwayo okuhle kakhulu.Eminyakeni yamuva, kuye kwavusa isithakazelo sabacwaningi abaningi.Ukulungiswa nokusebenza kwe-cerium oxide sekuphenduke isizinda socwaningo eminyakeni yamuva nje.
Inqubo Yokukhiqiza
Indlela yoku-1: Gcoba ekamelweni lokushisa, engeza isixazululo se-sodium hydroxide engu-5.0mol/L kusixazululo se-cerium sulfate esingu-0.1mol/L, lungisa inani le-pH libe likhulu kuno-10, futhi ukusabela kwemvula kwenzeka.Inzika yayimpontshwa, yagezwa kaningi ngamanzi angcolile, bese yomiswa kuhhavini ongu-90 ℃ amahora angu-24.Ngemva kokugaya nokuhlunga (usayizi wezinhlayiyana ongaphansi kuka-0.1mm), i-cerium oxide itholakala futhi ibekwe endaweni eyomile ukuze igcinwe ivaliwe.Indlela yesi-2: Ukuthatha i-cerium chloride noma i-cerium nitrate njengezinto zokusetshenziswa, ukulungisa inani le-pH libe ngu-2 ngamanzi ammonia, wengeze i-oxalate ukuze iphuze i-cerium oxalate, ngemva kokushisa, ukuphulukiswa, ukuhlukaniswa nokugeza, ukomisa ku-110 ℃, bese kushiswa ku-cerium oxide ku-900. ~ 1000℃.I-cerium oxide ingatholwa ngokushisisa ingxube ye-cerium oxide ne-carbon powder ku-1250℃emkhathini we-carbon monoxide.
Isicelo
I-Cerium Oxide isetshenziselwa izithasiselo zemboni yengilazi, izinto zokugaya ingilazi yepuleti, futhi iye yanwetshwa engilazini yokugaya ingilazi, amalensi optical, kinescope, bleaching, ukucaciswa, ingilazi yemisebe ye-ultraviolet kanye nokumuncwa kocingo lwe-elekthronikhi, njalonjalo.Iphinde isetshenziswe njenge-anti-reflector ye-lens yengilazi yamehlo, futhi i-cerium isetshenziselwa ukwenza i-cerium titanium ephuzi ukwenza ingilazi ibe phuzi.Ingaphambili le-oxidation yomhlaba elingavamile linethonya elithile ekukhanyeni kwekristalu nasezimpahleni zobumba bezingilazi ohlelweni lwe-CaO-MgO-AI2O3-SiO2.Imiphumela yocwaningo ikhombisa ukuthi ukungezwa kwe-oxidation front efanelekile kunenzuzo ukuthuthukisa umphumela wokucacisa uketshezi lwengilazi, ukuqeda amabhamuza, ukwenza ukwakheka kwengilazi kuhlangane, futhi kuthuthukiswe izakhiwo zemishini kanye nokumelana ne-alkali kwezinto.Inani eliphelele elingeziwe le-cerium oxide ngu-1.5, lapho lisetshenziswa ku-ceramic glaze nasembonini ye-elekthronikhi njengokungena kwe-piezoelectric ceramic ceramic.Iphinde isetshenziswe ekwenzeni i-catalyst ephezulu yokusebenza, ikhava yelambu legesi le-incandescent, isikrini se-X-ray fluorescent (isetshenziswa ikakhulukazi ejenti yokupholisha ilensi).Impushana yokupholisha i-cerium yomhlaba engavamile isetshenziswa kakhulu kumakhamera, amalensi ekhamera, ishubhu lezithombe ze-TV, ilensi, njalo njalo.Ingasetshenziswa futhi embonini yengilazi.I-cerium oxide ne-titanium dioxide zingasetshenziswa ndawonye ukwenza ingilazi ibe phuzi.I-Cerium oxide ye-glass decolorization inezinzuzo zokusebenza okuzinzile ekushiseni okuphezulu, intengo ephansi futhi akukho ukumuncwa kokukhanya okubonakalayo.Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-cerium oxide yengezwa engilazini esetshenziswa ezakhiweni nasezimotweni ukuze kuncishiswe ukudluliswa kokukhanya kwe-ultraviolet.Ukuze kukhiqizwe izinto ezingavamile ze-luminescent zomhlaba, i-cerium oxide yengezwa njenge-activator ku-phosphor yomhlaba enemibala engajwayelekile esetshenziswa ezintweni ezikhanyayo zezibani zokonga amandla kanye nama-phosphor asetshenziswa ezinkomba nasezithonjeni zemisebe.I-Cerium oxide nayo iyimpahla eluhlaza yokulungiswa kwe-cerium yensimbi.Ngaphezu kwalokho, ezintweni zokwakha ze-semiconductor, i-pigments yebanga eliphakeme kanye ne-photosensitive glass sensitizer, isihlanzi se-exhaust sezimoto sisetshenziswe kabanzi.I-catalyst yokuhlanza i-exhaust yemoto ikakhulukazi yakhiwe yi-honeycomb ye-ceramic (noma yensimbi) ethwalayo kanye ne-surface activated coating.I-coating eyenziwe yasebenza iqukethe indawo enkulu ye-gamma-trioxide, inani elifanelekile lama-oxide azinza indawo engaphezulu, kanye nensimbi enomsebenzi we-catalytic ehlakazekile ngaphakathi kwentonga.Ukuze kuncishiswe i-Pt ebizayo, umthamo we-Rh, ukhuphule umthamo we-Pd ushibhile, unciphise izindleko ze-catalyst ngaphandle kokunciphisa ama-catalysts okuhlanza imoto ngaphansi kwesisekelo sokusebenza okuhlukahlukene, okuvame ukusetshenziswa i-Pt.Pd.Ukwenza kusebenze i-Rh ternary catalyst coating, ngokuvamile indlela yokucwilisa isiyonke yokwengeza inani elithile le-cerium oxide ne-lanthanum oxide, kwakha umphumela ongavamile womhlaba omuhle kakhulu.Insimbi eyigugu ternary catalyst.I-Lanthanum oxide ne-cerium oxide zisetshenziswe njengezisizi ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukusebenza kwama-catalysts ensimbi asekelwe yi-A-Alumina.Ngokusho kocwaningo, indlela ye-catalytic ye-cerium oxide ne-lanthanum oxide ngokuyinhloko iwukuthuthukisa umsebenzi we-catalytic we-coating esebenzayo, ukulungisa ngokuzenzakalelayo isilinganiso se-air-fuel kanye ne-catalysis, futhi kuthuthukiswe ukuzinza okushisayo namandla omshini wesithwali.