Eminyakeni yamuva nje, ukusetshenziswa kwe-lanthanide reagents ku-organic synthesis kuye kwathuthukiswa ngokugxuma kanye nemingcele.Phakathi kwabo, ama-reagents amaningi e-lanthanide atholakala ene-catalysis ecacile ekhethiwe ekuphenduleni ukwakheka kwebhondi ye-carbon-carbon;ngesikhathi esifanayo, ama-reagents amaningi e-lanthanide atholakala enezici ezinhle kakhulu ekuphenduleni kwe-oxidation ye-organic kanye nokusabela kokunciphisa okuphilayo ukuguqula amaqembu asebenzayo.Ukusetshenziswa kwezolimo emhlabeni okungavamile kuyimpumelelo yocwaningo lwesayensi olunezici zesiShayina ezitholwe izisebenzi zesayensi nezobuchwepheshe zaseShayina ngemva kweminyaka yokusebenza kanzima, futhi kukhuthazwe ngamandla njengesinyathelo esibalulekile sokwandisa ukukhiqizwa kwezolimo eChina.I-Earth carbonate engavamile incibilika kalula ku-asidi ukuze yakhe usawoti ohambisanayo kanye ne-carbon dioxide, engasetshenziswa kalula ekuhlanganiseni usawoti womhlaba ongavamile nezingxube ngaphandle kokwethula ukungcola kwe-anionic.Isibonelo, ingasabela ngama-asidi aqinile njenge-nitric acid, i-hydrochloric acid, i-nitric acid, i-perchloric acid, ne-sulfuric acid ukuze kwakhe usawoti oncibilika emanzini.Isabela nge-phosphoric acid ne-hydrofluoric acid ukuze iguqule ibe ama-phosphates angavamile emhlabeni kanye nama-fluoride angancibiliki.Isabela ngama-asidi amaningi emvelo ukuze kwakheke izinhlanganisela zemvelo ezingavamile zomhlaba ezihambisanayo.Angaba ama-cations ayinkimbinkimbi ancibilikayo noma ama-anion ayinkimbinkimbi, noma izinhlanganisela ezingathathi hlangothi ezingancibiliki kakhulu ziyaziswa kuye ngenani lesixazululo.Ngakolunye uhlangothi, i-carbonate yomhlaba engavamile ingabola ibe ama-oxide ahambisanayo ngokubala, angasetshenziswa ngokuqondile ekulungiseni izinto eziningi ezintsha zomhlaba eziyivelakancane.Njengamanje, umkhiqizo wonyaka we-rare earth carbonate e-China ungaphezu kwamathani ayi-10,000, okubalelwa ngaphezu kwengxenye yesine yazo zonke izinto ezingavamile zomhlaba, okubonisa ukuthi ukukhiqizwa kwezimboni kanye nokusetshenziswa kwe-carbonate yomhlaba eyivelakancane kudlala indima ebaluleke kakhulu ekuthuthukiseni umhlaba. imboni yomhlaba engavamile.
I-Cerium carbonate iyinhlanganisela ye-inorganic enefomula yamakhemikhali engu-C3Ce2O9, isisindo semolekyuli esingu-460, i-logP engu--7.40530, i-PSA engu-198.80000, indawo yokubilisa engu-333.6ºC ku-760 mmHg, kanye nephuzu elikhanyayo lika-169.8ºC.Emkhiqizweni wezimboni wemihlaba engavamile, i-cerium carbonate iyimpahla eluhlaza emaphakathi yokulungiswa kwemikhiqizo ehlukahlukene ye-cerium efana nosawoti we-cerium ohlukahlukene kanye ne-cerium oxide.Inokusetshenziswa okubanzi futhi iwumkhiqizo obalulekile wokukhanya ongavamile womhlaba.I-hydrated cerium carbonate crystal inesakhiwo sohlobo lwe-lanthanite, futhi isithombe sayo se-SEM sibonisa ukuthi umumo oyisisekelo we-hydrated cerium carbonate crystal ufana ne-flake, futhi ama-flakes ahlanganiswe ndawonye ngokusebenzisana okubuthakathaka ukuze enze isakhiwo esifana ne-petal, futhi isakhiwo sikhululekile, ngakho-ke ngaphansi kwesenzo samandla omshini Kulula ukuhlukaniswa zibe izingcezu ezincane.I-cerium carbonate ekhiqizwa ngokujwayelekile embonini njengamanje inamaphesenti angama-42-46 kuphela omhlaba ongavamile ophelele ngemva kokoma, okunciphisa ukusebenza kahle kokukhiqizwa kwe-cerium carbonate.
Uhlobo lokusetshenziswa kwamanzi okuphansi, ikhwalithi ezinzile, i-cerium carbonate ekhiqiziwe ayidingi ukomiswa noma yomiswe ngemva kokumiswa kwe-centrifugal, futhi inani eliphelele lomhlaba ongavamile lingafinyelela ku-72% kuya ku-74%, futhi inqubo ilula futhi eyodwa- Isinyathelo sesinyathelo sokulungiselela i-cerium carbonate enenani eliphakeme lengqikithi yomhlaba ongavamile.Uhlelo olulandelayo lobuchwepheshe luyamukelwa: indlela yesinyathelo esisodwa isetshenziselwa ukulungisa i-cerium carbonate enenani eliphakeme eliphelele lomhlaba ongavamile, okungukuthi, isisombululo se-cerium feed esine-mass concentration ye-CeO240-90g/L sishisiswe ku-95 ° C. kuya ku-105°C, futhi i-ammonium bicarbonate yengezwa ngaphansi kokunyakaziswa njalo ukuze kunciphe i-cerium carbonate.Inani le-ammonium bicarbonate liyalungiswa ukuze inani le-pH yoketshezi lokuphakelayo ekugcineni lilungiswe libe ngu-6.3 kuya ku-6.5, futhi izinga lokwengeza lifanele ukuze uketshezi lokuphakelayo lungapheleli emkhombeni.Isixazululo sokuphakelayo kwe-cerium okungenani yisixazululo esinamanzi se-cerium chloride, i-cerium sulfate aqueous solution noma i-cerium nitrate aqueous solution.Ithimba le-R&D le-UrbanMines Tech.I-Co., Ltd. yamukela indlela entsha yokuhlanganisa ngokwengeza i-ammonium bicarbonate eqinile noma isisombululo se-aqueous ammonium bicarbonate.
I-cerium carbonate ingasetshenziswa ukulungisa i-cerium oxide, i-cerium dioxide namanye ama-nanomaterials.Izicelo nezibonelo zimi kanje:
1. Ingilazi ye-violet evikela ukukhanya ebamba ngokuqinile imisebe ye-ultraviolet kanye nengxenye ephuzi yokukhanya okubonakalayo.Ngokusekelwe ekubunjweni kwengilazi evamile ye-soda-lime-silica float, ihlanganisa izinto zokusetshenziswa ezilandelayo ngamaphesenti esisindo: i-silica 72~82%, i-sodium oxide 6~15%, i-calcium oxide 4~13%, i-magnesium oxide 2~8% , Alumina 0~3%, iron oxide 0.05~0.3%, cerium carbonate 0.1~3%, neodymium carbonate 0.4~1.2%, manganese dioxide 0.5~3%.Ingilazi ewugqinsi engu-4mm inokudluliswa kokukhanya okubonakalayo okukhulu kuno-80%, ukudluliswa kwe-ultraviolet ngaphansi kuka-15%, kanye nokudluliswa kwamaza angama-568-590 nm ngaphansi kuka-15%.
2. Upende wokulondoloza amandla we-endothermic, obonakala ngokuthi wakhiwe ngokuxuba isigcwalisi kanye nezinto zokwakha ifilimu, futhi isigcwalisi senziwa ngokuxuba izinto zokusetshenziswa ezilandelayo ezingxenyeni ngesisindo: izingxenye ezingu-20 kuya kwezingu-35 ze-silicon dioxide, kanye nezingxenye ezingu-8 kuya kwezingu-20 ze-aluminium oxide., izingxenye ezi-4 kuya kweziyi-10 ze-titanium oxide, izingxenye ezi-4 kuye kweziyi-10 ze-zirconia, izingxenye ezi-1 kuya kwezi-5 ze-zinc oxide, izingxenye ezi-1 kuya kwezi-5 ze-magnesium oxide, izingxenye ezingu-0.8 kuya kwezi-5 ze-silicon carbide, izingxenye ezingu-0.02 kuya ku-0.5 ze-yttrium oxide, no-0.01 izingxenye ezingu-1.5 ze-chromium oxide.izingxenye, izingxenye ezingu-0.01-1.5 ze-kaolin, izingxenye ezingu-0.01-1.5 zezinto ezingavamile zomhlaba, izingxenye ezingu-0.8-5 ze-carbon black, usayizi wezinhlayiyana zento ngayinye eluhlaza ngu-1-5 μm;lapho, izinto zomhlaba ezingavamile zihlanganisa izingxenye ezingu-0.01-1.5 ze-lanthanum carbonate, izingxenye ezingu-0.01-1.5 ze-cerium carbonate 1.5 izingxenye ze-praseodymium carbonate, izingxenye ezingu-0.01 kuya kwezingu-1.5 ze-praseodymium carbonate, 0.01 kuya ku-1.5 izingxenye ze-neodymium carbonate ne-100. i-nitrate;izinto zokwakha ifilimu yi-potassium sodium carbonate;i-potassium sodium carbonate ixutshwe nesisindo esifanayo se-potassium carbonate ne-sodium carbonate.Isilinganiso sokuxuba isisindo sokugcwalisa kanye nezinto zokwakha ifilimu ngu-2.5: 7.5, 3.8: 6.2 noma 4.8: 5.2.Ngaphezu kwalokho, uhlobo lwendlela yokulungiselela upende wokonga amandla we-endothermic ubonakala ngokuthi uhlanganisa lezi zinyathelo ezilandelayo:
Isinyathelo 1, ukulungiswa kwe-filler, okokuqala kala izingxenye ezingama-20-35 ze-silica, izingxenye eziyi-8-20 ze-alumina, izingxenye ezi-4-10 ze-titanium oxide, izingxenye ezi-4-10 ze-zirconia, nezingxenye eziyi-1-5 ze-zinc oxide ngesisindo. ., izingxenye ezi-1 kuya kwezi-5 ze-magnesium oxide, izingxenye ezingu-0.8 kuya kwezi-5 ze-silicon carbide, izingxenye ezingu-0.02 kuya kwezingu-0.5 ze-yttrium oxide, izingxenye ezingu-0.01 kuya ku-1.5 ze-chromium trioxide, izingxenye ezingu-0.01 kuya ku-1.5 ze-kaolin, izingxenye ezingu-0.01 kuya ku-1.5 zomhlaba ezingavamile, izingxenye ezingavamile Izingxenye ezi-0.8 kuya kwezi-5 ze-carbon black, bese zixutshwa ngokulinganayo ku-mixer ukuze kutholwe isigcwalisi;lapho, izinto zomhlaba ezingavamile zihlanganisa izingxenye ezingu-0.01-1.5 ze-lanthanum carbonate, izingxenye ezingu-0.01-1.5 ze-cerium carbonate, izingxenye ezingu-0.01-1.5 ze-praseodymium carbonate, izingxenye ezingu-0.01-1.5 ze-neodymium carbonate kanye nezingxenye ezingu-0.01～1.5 ze-promethium;
Isinyathelo sesi-2, ukulungiswa kwezinto zokwakha ifilimu, izinto zokwakha ifilimu yi-sodium potassium carbonate;qala ukale i-potassium carbonate ne-sodium carbonate ngokulandelana ngesisindo, bese uwaxuba ngokulinganayo ukuze uthole izinto zokwakha ifilimu;i-sodium potassium carbonate Isisindo esifanayo se-potassium carbonate ne-sodium carbonate zixutshwe;
Isinyathelo sesi-3, isilinganiso sokuxuba sokugcwalisa kanye nezinto zefilimu ngesisindo ngu-2.5: 7.5, 3.8: 6.2 noma 4.8: 5.2, futhi ingxube ixutshwe ngokulinganayo futhi ihlakazwe ukuze kutholakale ingxube;
Esinyathelweni sesi-4, ingxube igaywa ngebhola amahora angu-6-8, bese umkhiqizo oqediwe utholakala ngokudlula esikrinini, futhi i-mesh yesikrini ingu-1-5 μm.
3. Ukulungiswa kwe-ultrafine cerium oxide: Ukusebenzisa i-hydrated cerium carbonate njengesandulela, i-ultrafine cerium oxide enosayizi wezinhlayiyana ezimaphakathi ezingaphansi kuka-3 μm yalungiswa ngokugaywa kwebhola okuqondile nokubala.Imikhiqizo etholiwe yonke inesakhiwo se-cubic fluorite.Njengoba izinga lokushisa lokubala likhuphuka, usayizi wezinhlayiyana wemikhiqizo uyancipha, ukusatshalaliswa kosayizi wezinhlayiyana kuba mncane futhi i-crystallinity iyanda.Nokho, ikhono lokupholisha lezingilazi ezintathu ezahlukene libonise inani eliphezulu phakathi kuka-900℃ no-1000℃.Ngakho-ke, kukholelwa ukuthi izinga lokususwa kwezinto ezingaphezulu kwengilazi ngesikhathi senqubo yokupholisha lithinteka kakhulu usayizi wezinhlayiyana, i-crystallinity kanye nomsebenzi ongaphezulu we-powder polishing.